Research Article Critique for Lesson 5 ME Essay

Exploration Article Critique for Lesson 5 ME - Essay Example An individual examination survey model (Appendix A: rubric) was made to give a straight procedure conversation of the important inquiries. The consuming PICOT question for this paper and resulting research is: â€Å"In old individuals (P=70+), how are psychological abilities estimated in dementia and potential Alzheimer’s infection (I=Issue), when contrasted with more youthful grown-ups (C), influence the way of life of those analyzed (O), and to what extent before an analyzed patient is no longer legitimately or therapeutically useful (T)?† (Melnyk and Fineout-Overholt 2011). Financing for this exploration was given by Neurosciences Victoria, Austin Hospital Medical Research Foundation, and the Commonwealth Government of Australia Department of Health and Aging, with unhindered instructive examination awards. Financing was additionally given by the Commonwealth Government of Australia to distribute under Open Access (Pike et al., 2007). The fundamental explanation behind leading this exploration study (Pike et al., 2007) was to discover normal bio-markers in a presently solid maturing senior which gives a predication to inevitably moving into dementia as well as Alzheimer’s sickness (AD). The ÃŽ ²-amyloid (Aî ²) introduction is generally found in those determined to have AD, yet it can likewise happen in ordinary solid maturing grown-ups too without influencing the individual in any way. The 11C-PIB-PET cerebrum examine was utilized in the investigation to furnish a subjective checking process with three gatherings: the sound maturing (HA) grown-ups, the gentle psychological hindered (MCI) grown-ups, and those determined to have AD (Pike et al., 2007). A significant number of the past examination considers have just utilized officially determined patients to have dementia or AD. PIB represents Pittsburgh Compound B, which is a benzothiazole subsidiary that will tie to Aî ² and is seen during the positron ou tflow tomography (PET) imaging process, otherwise called the 11C-PIB-PET cerebrum check (Pike et al., 2007; Kadir et al., 2011). While maturing

Careers in Law Enforcement free essay sample

Picking a Career In Law Enforcement Law Enforcement Careers This paper is an investigation into a vocation in law implementation. It quickly sums up the historical backdrop of cops in the United States. It will likewise pass on various kinds of professions in law requirement and give compensation data. There is data concerning prerequisites to get nearby, state and government officials. Everybody has dreams and yearnings. For me, as a youngster, I generally imagined that I would have a law requirement. Growing up, my distant uncle was in every case a type of law implementation official and was my venerated image. In later years, there was an interest with government law authorization. Most as of late, my interest has been in police legal sciences, presumably motivated by the reiteration of network shows. There is a huge swath of strengths in law authorization and the criminal sciences. To begin in this profession field, it is critical to comprehend its inceptions. We will compose a custom article test on Vocations in Law Enforcement or on the other hand any comparative point explicitly for you Don't WasteYour Time Recruit WRITER Just 13.90/page Policing is an old and respectable calling, originating before the Norman success around 1066. As the provinces were settled, it was one more British thought that was received by the homesteaders. At first, policing was the activity of a Justice Of the Peace. With the association of the states and developing urban areas and towns, there was an apparant requirement for a sorted out and paid police power. Boston established a Night Watch in 1636. In 1651, New York City set up the Shout and Rattle Watch. As the bigger urban areas kept on developing, Philadelphia isolated the city into ten watch regions in 1705. Philadelphia additionally drove the path by setting up a 24-hour police power in 1833. New York ran two separate police powers, a day and a night watch, in 1844. Police Chiefs normally had connections to government officials and defilement was ordinary. Police divisions today are profoundly particular with Special Weapons and Tactics (SWAT) Teams, interior investigative labs, multiple offices, for example, bad habit and manslaughter, and even various sub stations or regions. Many police divisions depend vigorously on network exceed also. There are law implementation traveler associations and neighborhood wrongdoing watches in most significant metropolitan regions. A few areas even have resident police institutes. This offers numerous chances to be some different option from a â€Å"beat cop† and tops open enthusiasm for law implementation professions. Numerous open doors in the nation’s driving offices and most in government law implementation offices require higher educations. Colleges and universities offer degrees in criminal and scientific science, PC violations, and criminal equity, to give some examples. This shows how law authorization has advanced from basically stopping wrongdoing and pursuing crooks. Rivalry in these occupations is hard and a degree could be exactly what places you in the running for a vacant position. A law implementation profession isn't for getting rich. The national normal compensation is fifty thousand dollars. That is really a major piece of the fascination. To realize that you are placing yourself in harm’s way every day, securing and serving your locale for such minimal financial advantage is entirely decent. Needing to be a cop begins with comprehending what sort of cop you need to be. You could be a city cop, a sheriff, an expressway patrolman or a government specialist. Non-government occupations, however hard, are simpler to get. Commonly to turn into a civil official, sheriff or parkway watch official, you should be 21 years old, have a secondary school confirmation, be truly fit, be a U. S. resident and have clean driving and credit records (Smith, 2011). In the wake of breezing through an assessment, you would be tried out a law implementation foundation. Government offices ordinarily require in any event a bachelor’s certificate. To join the FBI, you should have a multi year-degree (FBI Careers, 2011) notwithstanding the necessities above. Likewise, you need three years of expert work understanding and to have never defaulted on an understudy advance. A CSI (Crime Scene Investigator) is the calling that a large portion of us are infatuated with right now. Do you guess kids play CSI and looters rather than cops and burglars? TV programs like the CSI establishment have acquainted us with this profession which is frequently off camera. It includes assembling, testing and dissecting proof to help tackle a wrongdoing as well as manufacture a body of evidence against a suspect. A few people in this profession are not sworn officials. Most are sworn officials yet not all (International Crime Scene Investigators Association, 2006) The thing that matters is capture powers and frequently pay. Pay ranges from twenty to fifty thousand dollars. In a little rustic police division you could conceivably require a degree. In spite of the fact that saturated with history, being a community worker and defender of the individuals is very honorable, yet not really monetarily compensating at the section level, however a prepared official can get by. One must know and comprehend the various kinds of law requirement official to settle on an educated decision so they feel remunerated and happy with their choice. You likewise need to live a to some degree good and highminded existence with no â€Å"skeletons† in your storage room.

Tips on Writing Teenage Pregnancy Essay Topics

Tips on Writing Teenage Pregnancy Essay TopicsTeenage pregnancy is a leading cause of maternal death and morbidity in the world today. If you are a mother, you will want to be certain that you will not be entering into a field where your skills and abilities will be limited to the teenage pregnancy essay topics that you will have to tackle. However, it does take a little bit of hard work to get your teenager to the point where she will make the choice to get pregnant.One of the first steps you should take when dealing with teenage pregnancy is to arm yourself with as much information as possible on this subject. You need to know as much as you can about teenage pregnancy, and you also need to know what are the many risks that can come with the pregnancy. This knowledge is critical in preparing yourself for the essay topics that you are going to encounter.The actual issues that are concerning your child at this time can be very traumatic. It is important that you understand the many r isks involved in carrying a child to term. However, you also need to prepare yourself for what can happen in order to combat these issues so that you will be prepared to discuss them in your teenage pregnancy essay topics.There are many things that you can discuss in your teenage pregnancy essay topics. One such thing is the biological differences between boys and girls. Your teenager may have different hormones when they reach puberty. Many teenagers do not do well in the pressure of getting pregnant and find themselves pregnant very early on in their pregnancy, which can lead to child abuse.Another thing that you will want to discuss in your teenage pregnancy essay topics is the possible psychological effects that have on the child. You will want to mention this as it may help protect your child in case the emotional state of the child is extremely fragile. Additionally, you will want to discuss the fact that it is important to begin counseling the child as soon as the child becom es aware that they are pregnant.Finally, one of the best areas that you should devote your time in your teenage pregnancy essay topics is discussing the importance of protecting your child from being exposed to the negative side effects of the abortion. Most teenagers choose to abort their children early on in their pregnancy in order to protect their own psychological well-being. Therefore, they end up with much more stress than necessary.There are many other issues that you can discuss in your teenage pregnancy essay topics. However, the above mentioned points are among the most important ones that you should discuss. Before you even begin writing, you should spend some time researching the subject matter in order to get an idea of how to write about the subject effectively.Writing your teenage pregnancy essay topics should be done at the end of the day so that you will be able to spend your time better. Not only should you be knowledgeable but you should also be thorough in your preparation in order to ensure that you provide an excellent final product.

Formal Charge Definition in Chemistry

Formal charge of FC is the difference between the number of valence electrons of each atom and the number of electrons the atom is associated with. Formal charge assumes any shared electrons are equally shared between the two bonded atoms.Formal charge is calculated using the equation:FC eV - eN - eB/2 whereeV number of valence electrons of the atom as if it were isolated from the moleculeeN number of unbound valence electrons on the atom in the moleculeeB number of electrons shared by the bonds to other atoms in the molecule Formal Charge Example Calculation For example, carbon dioxide or CO2 is a neutral molecule that has 16 valence electrons. There are three different ways to draw the Lewis structure for the molecule to determine formal charge: The carbon atom may be joined to both oxygen atom via double bonds (carbon 0, oxygen 0, formal charge 0)The carbon atom may have a single bond with one oxygen atom and a double bond to the other oxygen atom (carbon 1, oxygen-double 0, oxygen-single -1, formal charge 0)The carbon atom may be joined to each oxygen atom via single bonds (carbon 2, oxygens -1 each, formal charge 0) Each possibility results in a formal charge of zero, but the first choice is the best one because it predicts no charge in the molecule. This is more stable and thus is most likely. See how to calculate formal charge with another  example problem. Formal Charge Key Takeaways Formal charge (FC) is the electric charge of an atom in a molecule.It is calculated as the number of valence electrons minus half the number of electrons shared in a bond minus the number of electrons not bound in the molecule.Formal charge is used to estimate the way electric charge is distributed in a molecule.

How Ana Codes Of Ethics Affect Nursing Practice - 1084 Words

Code of Ethics According to the American Nursing Association, â€Å" Nursing is the protection, promotion, and optimization of health and abilities, prevention of illness and injury, alleviation of suffering through the diagnosis and treatment of human response, and advocacy in the care of individuals, families, communities, and populations† (Association, Scope and Standards of Practice, 2010). In the case scenario, a middle aged man is admitted to the hospital because of his bleeding ulcer. He is homeless and admits that he drinks alcohol daily and we don’t know if the hospital and nursing staff should provide a great deal of resources in order to care for him. The purpose of this paper is to show how ANA codes of Ethics affect nursing practice by combining effective and richer care. The Code of Ethics help in determining how a competent nurse can provide a good quality care based on ethical values. The ANA is a professional organization that represents all the nation’s registered nurses. It helps the advancement of the nursing profession by issuing high standards of practice, and promoting the rights of nurses in the profession. The Code of Ethics is developed as a guide for carrying out nursing responsibilities, along with an appropriate quality in caring with the ethical obligations of the profession. Ethic has always been an essential part of nursing as nursing has a history of concern for the sick, injured. The Code of Ethics for Nurses serves these purposes: it servesShow MoreRelatedCode of Ethics for Nurses Essay1605 Words   |  7 Pages Wendell A. Garcia University of Phoenix March 18, 2008 American Nurses Association’s Code of Ethics for Nurses Ethics is an integral part of the foundation of nursing. Nursing has a distinguished history of concern for the welfare of the sick, injured, and vulnerable and for social justice. This concern is embodied in the provision of nursing care to individuals and the community. Nursing encompasses the prevention of illness, the alleviation of suffering, and the protection, promotionRead MorePolitical Awareness Essay1418 Words   |  6 Pagesleaders must stay informed and become involved as an advocate influencing changes in policy, laws, and/or regulations that govern the health care system they practice in. At times the advocacy requires a nurse leader to become more involved beyond their immediate level of practice and into the world of politics and policy. The health care practice arena is impacted by decisions made by our legislative bodies at the federal and state levels. The changes in health care delivery methods, together withRead MoreANA Code of Ethics1214 Words   |  5 PagesANA Code of Ethics Introduction In the field of nursing, the ANA Code of Ethics is designed to provide specific bylaws that will influence the practices of health care professionals inside the industry. However, there are different advocacy campaigns that will have an impact on how it is interpreted and applied. In the case of advocacy for population health, these issues mean that there could be moral dilemmas faced in the process (most notably: lifestyle choices and their impact on the individual)Read MoreANA Code of Ethics Provision Five Review Essay869 Words   |  4 Pages The main points of provision five of the ANA code of ethics are as follows: section 5.1, which is moral self-respect, suggests that nurses must care for themselves as much as they care for their patients. Nurses must do their best to maintain professional respect to themselves in regards of their competence and moral character. Section 5.2, which is professional growth and maintenance of competence, suggests that nurses must continue to self and peer evaluate themselves throughoutRead MoreNursing Code Of Ethics Essay1253 Words   |  6 PagesIntroduction Nursing code of ethics was developed as a guide in carrying out nursing responsibilities in a matter consistent with quality in nursing care and the ethical obligations of the profession (ANA, 2015). The term ethics refers to the study of philosophical ideas of right and wrong behavior (Olin, 2012). There is a total of nine provisions however, throughout this paper I will discuss provisions one through four and express how I plan to utilize these provisions as a new RN. These provisionsRead MoreEthical and Legal Issues in Nursing956 Words   |  4 PagesETHICAL AND LEGAL ISSUES OF Nursing Many confusing factors make it a task to establish, monitor and sustain ethical and legal issues in nursing. Everyone has various personal views based on experiences of life, religion, education and political affiliations, all nurses should be aware about nursing laws and ethics and understand how nursing legal issues can affect them. The American Nurses Association (ANA) Code of Ethics is very influential to nurses because it is used as a framework for makingRead MoreApplication Of The Code Of Ethics For Nurses With Interpretative Statements1699 Words   |  7 PagesApplication of the Code of Ethics for Nurses with Interpretative Statements As one of the cornerstone documents, the Code of Ethics for Nurses with Interpretative Statements helps to guide the ethical decisions of young and old nurses today (Finkelman Kenner, 2014, p. 22). Nurses will encounter many different ethical dilemmas in the healthcare field and must be prepared. A few dilemmas include active euthanasia, influenza vaccinations, maintaining an ethical environment, keeping patients healthcareRead MoreThe Guide to the Code of Ethics for Nursing2525 Words   |  10 PagesGuide to the Code of Ethics for Nursing and address the following objectives. 1. Explain the relationship between Codes of Ethics and Professional Identity? The Code of Ethics and the Professional Identity assume a dependent relationship. Without one the other could not stand alone. When we search for the professional identity of a career we also look at how they were established and what boundaries do they follow. In nursing, as stated by the American Nurses Association â€Å"a code of ethics stands asRead MoreApplying Ethical Framework in Practice Essay1161 Words   |  5 Pagesprovide patient care. According to the ICN Code of Ethics for Nurses (2006), â€Å"The nurse holds in confidence personal information and uses judgment in sharing this information.† Maintaining confidentiality of patients is an expression of respect of persons and, in many ways, is essential to the nurse-patient relationship (Burkhardt Nathaniel, 2008, p. 67-68). It is essential for nurses to understand how to approach ethical issues in a manner that least affects the patient confidentiality. Read MoreEssay On Sister M. Berenice Beck1409 Words   |  6 PagesThroughout the history of nursing, nursing has evolved over time due to the impact of many women. These women have made a path that has both encouraged generations to follow in their footsteps, but also allow the best outcomes for them. Sister M. Berenice Beck’s greatest contributions to nursing were the development of the Code of Ethics and becoming the first female PhD and dean of nursing. Biography Born as Annetta Beck in St. Louis, Missouri in the year of 1809, Sister M. Berenice Beck came into

The Articles of Confederation Essay examples - 1612 Words

The Continental Congress between the years of 1776 and 1777 decided that the way of living was not suitable. After all had decided they drafted together, what we call The Articles of Confederation; â€Å"the document that defined the colonies’ collective sovereignty; drafted by the Continental Congress between 1776 and 1777, then ratified by the thirteen states in 1781†(Schultz 115). There was experimentation that was being done in the states that didn’t affect The Articles of Confederation. There wasn’t much change, as it was about the same from the late 1770s. The Articles provided each state their independence and granting very minimal power to the main federal government. Under the Articles of Confederation, there were powers strictly†¦show more content†¦There were two main achievements, â€Å" (I) the Articles established the United States as a government of law that placed limited on governments authority, and (2) the Articles created a national citizenship, which gave equal rights to qualifying members. There would be no titles or codification of classes in America† (Schultz 116). However, there were three main weaknesses that stood out. First, the inability to raise funds because the new nation was badly in debt and taxes couldn’t be levied because of the Articles of Confederation. This then made it hard to find a creditor, which then made it an immediate disaster and leaded to trouble for the new nation. Second, the need for unanimity to make changes was one of the weaknesses under the Articles. In 1781, a nation bank was asked to help the national debt and facilitate credit. Because of this, a system of reserves was creat ed by the capitol. This then put a 5 percent tax on all imported goods. Each state had to approve of these happenings under the Articles of Confederation, unfortunately Rhode Island didn’t agree on this taxation. This then forced the bill to die, and the plans were unable to be cleared. The last weakness of the Articles was the lack of authority over international trade. The commerce between states suffered because there was no centralized authority. Each state had its own form of currency and taxes it was hard to trade goods over their stateShow MoreRelatedArticles Of The Articles Confederation961 Words   |  4 PagesThe Articles of the Confederation The Articles of Confederation was ratified on March 1, 1781. It limited Congress’s influence and power over the colonies, but allowed them to manage foreign relations or Indian affairs, coin money, maintain a postal service and as a last solution, intervene with any disputes between the states. After the Revolution, Americans wanted to avoid tyrannical or monarchy government, therefore letting each state rule over themselves would eliminate having to report to higherRead MoreArticles On The Articles Of Confederation1069 Words   |  5 Pagesin the Articles of Confederation, which was addressed in the Constitution. The paper will cover the how the Constitution addressed the complaints in the Declaration of Independence. Another topic of the paper will be the Great Compromise and how the representation of states in Congress was determined. Finally, the paper will view the treatment of slaves for the purpose of representation and the effects thereof. Weaknesses in the Articles of Confederation Early weaknesses in the Articles of ConfederationRead MoreThe Articles Of Confederation Essay1332 Words   |  6 Pageswas written 18 years after America won independence from England on July 4, 1776. This lead to the creation of the â€Å"Articles of Confederation† which were made primarily for the people because they feared central government having all power. Then at The Annapolis Convention (1786) is where the groundworks of â€Å"The U.S. Constitution† were discussed to replace the â€Å"Articles of Confederation†. The following year the Constitution was composed on September 17, 1787. The idea of the constitution was seen asRead MoreThe Articles of Confederation593 Words   |  2 Pages The Articles of Confederation was first written in 1777. It was passed by the Confederation of Congress. Congress decided that they needed a firm government to organize the states as a whole. At least that was their primary goal. Since each state had separates rules. The Articles of Confederation was later ratified by each state in 1781. It was â€Å"America’s first federal constitution† (Keene 138). The confederation had a few strengths but many weaknesses. The nation faced many economic and politicalRead MoreThe Articles Of Confederation Essay1574 Words   |  7 PagesTo have more power than what is normally allowed, would that not be similar to that of a dictator? The issue of power in America goes all the way back to the creation of the Articles of Confederation. As history shows, that syste m ended in a complete failure because of how scattered it was on top of the power each state possessed. This was a huge problem for the country, so by March 4th, 1789, the United States Constitution went into effect and changed America forever. It addressed most problemsRead MoreThe Articles Of Confederation2202 Words   |  9 PagesWith the dilemma of revising the failures of the Articles of Confederation, a group of people known as the Federalists; wrote a bundle of essays for the proposal of a new Constitution, also known as the Federalist Papers. The proposal of the U.S. Constitution was originally rejected by the anti-Federalists who opposed the idea of having a Constitution. In order convince those who were in opposition of the revising the previous Articles of Confederation with a new Constitution, James Madison, AlexanderRead MoreThe Articles of Confederation and The Constitution1238 Words   |  5 PagesAmerica, our government has been defined by two very important docum ents. Reflecting on all governments of the past, they laid forth an impressive jumble of ideas that would lead the way to where we are today. These two documents are the Article of Confederation and the U.S Constitution. These two documents of precedent are both similar and unique, each with its own pros and cons, and neither being perfect. Both these documents addressed the prominent vital in national vs. state sovereignty, legislativeRead MoreThe Constitution And The Articles Of Confederation1373 Words   |  6 Pagesand who would enforce them? I will address some of the differences between the Constitution and The Articles of Confederation. The Articles of Confederation were designed and formed from the thirteen states that created a Confederation known as the â€Å"league of friendship†; their goal was to find solutions for problems; and one of the first attempts to create a system. The Articles of Confederation was our nation’s first constitution; during the last years of the Revolutionary war, the governmentRead MoreThe Articles of Confederation Essay973 Words   |  4 PagesConstitutional Convention, Washington’s presidency, or the three branches of government; the Articles of Confederation were created. This fledgling government, proposed in 1777, was doomed to never take flight, being replaced in 1789, when the Constitution was effected under Washington. This raises the question: Why did the United States discard The Articles of Confederation for the Constitution? Ultimately, the Articles were simply a weak form of government. However, economic issues, difficulty of ratificationRead MoreE ssay on The Articles of Confederation523 Words   |  3 Pagesmaintaining order. However, the first document crafted by the founding fathers, the Articles of Confederation, did preserve the country new found independence but it did not maintain order. The Articles of Confederation described by many founding fathers to be a document that was crafted to satisfy needs of every state for its ratification, even when the document did not present a responsible democracy. The Articles of Confederation granted all national powers to the congress; however, it allowed each state

Arctic Monkeys Whatever People Say I Am, That’s What I’m Not free essay sample

â€Å"Anticipation has a habit to set you up for disappointment,† sings Arctic Monkeys front-man Alex Turner, and if anyone should know, its him. In barely a year, his band of Sheffield teenagers has gone from an unsigned garage band posting their demos online to the biggest band in Britain with â€Å"Whatever People Say I Am, Thats What Im Not† becoming the fastest selling British debut ever. Anticipation had been mounting even before the band signed to buzz-label Domino. Their sold-out hometown gigs were attended by rabid fans from all over the country. With all the hype around the bands fame, its easy to forget the music, which does not disappoint. The band is centered around Turner and his poetic tales of youth in suburban England. His words are sung with passion, and the speed and precision of a rap artist. He tells the angry tales of many teens in Sheffield and the many English towns like it. We will write a custom essay sample on Arctic Monkeys Whatever People Say I Am, That’s What I’m Not or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Hes angry at rude bouncers, girlfriends with less than sunny dispositions, and the countless unoriginal bands jumping onto the scene. As Turners accented vocals are laid down thicker than molasses, the Monkeys back him up with a tight post punk that contains more hooks in one song than most bands can achieve in a whole album. Last October, the Monkeys dropped their first single, â€Å"I Bet You Look Good On The Dance Floor.† This raucous number, which debuted at number one on the British singles chart, gets the album into full swing in the number two slot. From there, the CD barely lets up its racecar pace, with a string of solid songs that barely push three minutes each. The combination of jittery power chords and swiftly picked riffs wins on almost every track. But the Monkeys save their best for last, and the last three songs end with a bang. â€Å"When The Sun Goes Down† is a grimy song about the guys and gals who roam the dark streets. Turners wit is evident around every lyrical turn as he croons, â€Å"So whos that girl there?/I wonder what went wrong so that she had to roam the streets/She dont do major credit cards/I doubt she does receipts/Its all not quite legitimate.† Next is the scornful â€Å"From the Ritz to the Rubble,† during which Turner angrily describes his failed odyssey into a nightclub, complete with put-downs to the condescending bouncer. The album closes with the epic â€Å"A Certain Romance.† This five-and-a-half minute opus is filled with bouncy ska rhythms, a poignant solo, and Turners constant stream of above-par lyrics. He comments on the sunken state of small-town England with striking clarity and verbosity. When the song and album come to a close, the listener feels surprisingly satisfied. The ultimate triumph is not the songs themselves, but the emotions they provoke. Every song is filled with lust, passion, and the desirous rage that flow through the veins of the teenage spirit. Its through these songs that the Arctic Monkeys claim their title as the hottest young British band today.

The Guitar Essays - String Instruments, Guitar, Fingerboard, Fret

The Guitar THE HISTORY OF THE GUITAR The guitar is a fretted, stringed instrument, and is a member of the lute family. It originated in Persia and reached Spain during the twelth-century, where it?s versatility as both a solo and accompanying instrument were established. The theory of the guitar was discovered in the early centuries. They found that the sound of a bowstring could be enhanced by attaching a resonating chamber -most like a tortiseshell- to the bow. From the bow came essentially three main types of stringed instruments: the Harp family, which was the sound of plucked strings indirectly transmitted to an attached sound box. The second was the Lyre family, which was strings of a fixed pitch are attached to the directly to a sound chamber. And the third was the Lute family, this was were the pitch of strings was altered by pressing them against a neck that is attached directly to a sound chamber. Within the Lute family came two groups. The lutes proper which had rounded backs and the guitar type instruments w ith their flat backs. Guitar-shaped instruments appear in stone bas-relief sculptures of the hittites in northern Syria and Asia Minor from as far back as 1350 B.C. The word guitar also has origins in the middle and far east, deriving from gut, is the Arabic word for four, and tar, the Sanskrit word for string. The earliest European guitars did have four courses of gut strings. A 2 course is a pair of strings tuned in unison. These early guitars were distinguished from lutes by body sides that curved inward to form a waist and by four courses of strings. Some but not all early guitars had a flat back, while lutes always had a flat back. In the Middle Ages and the Renaissance the lute was the dominant fretted instrument. The lute with was pear-shaped and had five or more courses of strings was generally regarded as a higher class of instrument. By 1546 the guitar had gained enough popularity to merit the publication of a book of guitar music. By this time guitars had added another course, and modern tuning had come into existence. Chord positions were the same as they are today. The frets of the early guitars were made of gut and tied around the neck. This made placement of frets very difficult. The early guitars were also much shorter in length than todays guitars. The second most popular instrument during the Middle ages was the cittern. It was more like the modern guitar than any other during that time. It had metal strings, fixed frets, a fingerboard that extended onto the top, a flat back, and a movable bridge with strings anchored by a tailpiece; and it was played with a quill or plectrum(pick). But this modern instrument soon lost its popularity and disappeared by the late 1600?s. Through the 1600?s and 1700?s the guitar design changed very little, although interest increased around luthiers. In the 1770?s the first guitars with six single strings appeared, 3 blowing the evolutionary lid off the instrument. Within the next few decades, numerous innovations followed: body waists became narrower and body bouts changed shape, becoming circular in northern Europe and more oval shaped in southern Europe. Inlaid frets of brass or ivory replaced the tied on gut frets and the neck was extended one full octave(12 frets) clear of the body. Metal tuners with machine heads began to replace friction pegs, and strings were anchored by bridge pins, replacing the method of tying strings to the bridge. By the 1820?s most of the fingerboard extended all the way to the soundhole. As rapidly as the guitar changed so did it?s acceptance. By the 1800?s the Lute had all but disappeared. One of the best known makers of this new-style of guitar was Johann Georg Staufer of Vienna. Staufer and another maker Johann Ertel in 1822 designed a fingerboard raised off the top of the guitar, and experimented with different fret metals, settling on an alloy of brass,copper,silver, and arsenic. The first half of the 19th century was a time of great experimentation for the guitar. And many of the innovations that were credited to 20th century makers were actually tried

Health Care

Health Care Free Online Research Papers National health care would be a horrible plan for the Unites States right now. There isnt a single government agency or division that runs efficiently. Americans don’t really want an organization that developed the U.S. Tax Code handling something as complex as health care. Free health care isnt really free since we must pay for it with taxes; expenses for health care would have to be paid for with higher taxes or spending cuts in other areas such as defense and education. Profit motives, competition, and individual cleverness have always led to greater cost control and effectiveness. Government controlled health care would lead to a decrease in patient flexibility. Patients arent likely to control their drug costs and doctor visits if health care is free. Total costs will be several times what they are now. Nonprofit and government-run hospitals provide services to those who dont have insurance, and it is illegal to refuse emergency medical service because of a lack of insurance. Malpractice lawsuit costs, which are already could further explode since universal care may expose the government to legal liability, and the possibility to sue someone with deep pockets usually invites more lawsuits. Patients may be subjected to extremely long waits for treatment. Universal health care should be effect in America. The number of uninsured citizens has grown to over 45 million and Health care has become more and more unaffordable for businesses and individuals. We can eliminate wasteful inefficiencies such as photocopy paper work, claim approval, insurance submission. We can develop a central national database which makes diagnosis and treatment easier for doctors. Medical professionals can focus on healing the patient rather than on insurance procedures and malpractice liability. Free medical services would encourage patients to practice defensive medicine and request about problems early when treatment will be light; currently, patients often avoid physicals and other protective measures because of the costs. Patients with pre-existing conditions can still get health coverage. I think National Health care should develop in the United Sates. Most of these people are doing their best in low paying jobs and they are being penalized for not being on welfare, were they would get health care. Though the number of uninsured is large, the cost of providing them comprehensive care is small, because the sickest already receive expensive hospital care when their lives are threatened. Big companies are already subsidizing those without health care by being forced to pay extra on prescriptions and hospital cost. If this load was shared, our corporations could be more competitive with the rest of the world. There are huge companies who make billions off the current system and are contributing millions to politicians to make sure we dont end up with Nation Health Care. National health insurance is paid for with taxes that replace premiums. Universal health care will increase a person’s life expectancy and save lives. Research Papers on Health CareThe Effects of Illegal ImmigrationTwilight of the UAWInfluences of Socio-Economic Status of Married MalesThe Fifth HorsemanArguments for Physician-Assisted Suicide (PAS)Marketing of Lifeboy Soap A Unilever ProductNever Been Kicked Out of a Place This NiceQuebec and CanadaLifes What IfsGenetic Engineering

Alienation and Emancipation Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Alienation and Emancipation - Essay Example This thesis was presented in the broad frame of the doctrine of political alienation. The theme of economic alienation was broached in a separate concluding section of the article. Here he offered a trenchant formulation of the idea that the economic life in the 'state of egoism' is a practical religion of money-worship. He gave the religious analogy a special new twist and emphasis by calling the practical religion 'Judaism'. This may have been prompted by Hess' reference to the 'Christian merchants and Jewish Christians'. It capitalized upon the fact that the German term 'Judaism' (Judentum ) had the secondary connotation of 'commerce'. So Marx describes Judaism or commerce as a religion in which money is the god: 'What is the worldly cult of the Jew Huckstering. Who is his worldly god Money. ' And further: 'Money is the jealous one God of Israel, beside which no other God may stand. Money dethrones all the gods of man and turns them into a commodity. Money is the universal, independently constituted value of all things. It has, therefore, deprived the whole world, both the world of man and nature, of its own value. Money is the alienated essence of man's work and his being. This alien being rules over him and he worships it.' (Karl Marx's, 1959). Following Hess, Marx conceives the practical religion as a material form of self- alienation corresponding to the spiritual form as analyzed by Feuerbach: 'Selling is the praxis of externalization.

Miss Brill Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Miss Brill - Essay Example Female poverty and loneliness are two central ideas of Mansfield’s short story titled Miss Brill. Mansfield’s Symbolism Miss Brill by Katherine Mansfield is a literary realization of an incredible life drama. Portrayal of the main heroine is achieved through detailed description of the woman’s characters and inner workings of her mind in a very short, only four-page essay. Mansfield’s creative and fine work can be compared to that of a jeweler dealing with some precious stones and jewelry. Symbolism is skillfully placed within a simple plot of Miss Brill. Literary masterpiece of Katherine Mansfield really deserves acknowledgement and admiration. Even the title of the story points out a great literary genius in this great writer, Katherine Mansfield. A great attention to details as well as author’s originality is presented throughout work of Mansfield. Miss Brill is a spinster who has neither friends nor any other close people. Source of her earnings comes from working as an English tutor. Besides, she is engaged in reading press to an old disabled person whose ability to hear and understand is very doubtful. Furthermore, it becomes obvious that Miss Brill lives somewhere close to the seaside in France. From the very beginning the reader begins to comprehend the mood of the main character as well as the atmosphere of the whole story. The weather is intriguingly unstable since â€Å"the blue sky powdered with gold and great spots of light like white wine splashed over the Jardins Publiuqes† (Mansfield) point out on possible rain in the nearest time. So, Miss Brill is obviously ready to such conditions of weather as she takes out her fur which she calls â€Å"Dear little thing†. Soon, the reader associates fur coat with Miss Brill. Both of them are approximately of the same age. Depression – Psychological State of Mind of the Protagonist As the story unfolds, we find out that the old lady is happy to live and be active observer of someone else’s life. Thus, she is an active participant of daily life drama surrounding her. It is Mansfield’s style of writing as well as language used in this short story that makes the symbolic meaning strikingly distinctive. Everyday routine is covering all life of Miss Brill and she, as many woman of her age and status, cannot afford to see other attractive sides of life available to her. being an active life observer, the main heroine does not have time to live her own life actively. Being an elderly lady Miss Brill does not realize that her beauty has vanished away with her youth years. Speaking as an observer of other people of older age the protagonist does not even have a clue that she is describing people like herself (Morrow 82). One of the descriptions made by Miss Brill is very similar to those she makes on regular bases: ...they were nearly always the same Sunday after Sunday, and – Miss Brill had often noticed—there was something funny about nearly all of them. They were odd, silent, nearly all old, and from the way they stared they looked as though they'd just come from dark little rooms or even—even cupboards! (399) Misery of the humankind depicted in this short story is underlined with the help of Miss Brill’s image of her surrounding. Female characters in Miss Brill do not have

Chaucers Models of Authorship and his Anxiety Essay Example for Free

Chaucers Models of Authorship and his Anxiety Essay Chaucers Models of Authorship and his Anxiety of Influence in the Prologue to the Legend of Good Women.  There is no doubt that Sir Geoffrey Chaucer placed immense value upon the integrity and accuracy of his work. This is clearly evident in the poem, Chaucers Wordes Unto Adam, his Owne Scriveyn, where he reprimands his scribe Adam for his negligence and over zealousness in copying texts he has given him. But after my makyng thow wryte more trewe, So ofte adaye I mot thy werk renewe,  It to correct and eke to rubbe and scrape,  And al is thorugh thy negligence and rape. (Chaucer, Adam 4-7)  It is a short, yet passionate poem as it succinctly illustrates the intense ferocity Chaucer felt toward Adam for altering his creations; as demonstrated when he calls down a plague upon poor Adams head! Chaucers preoccupation with the transmission of texts that are of quality and trewe spills over into another of his works, prologue to Legend of Good Women [G Text], in which he examines the whole concept of his responsibility as an author in a more holistic fashion. This essay seeks to discuss how Chaucer felt about his accountability as an author, translator and mediator of texts and the influences that fashioned his subjectivity as a writer. It also seeks to explore the anxiety that Chaucer displays in the prologue as to his justification as an author and his realisation of the influence that his subjectivity would have in the future on his readership. It is clear that about the time Chaucer commenced to write the prologue to the Legend of Good Women, that he was beginning to feel very self-aware of his impact upon his readers and his responsibility as an author. In a time when illiteracy rates were high and his works were scantly distributed among a privileged coterie, Chaucer began to awaken to his accountability to adequately transmit the truth of a text. Chaucer saw himself as the saviour of these tales, which only for his penning would be lost to the world forever. And if that olde bokes were aweye/ Yloren were of rememberance the keye (LGW 25-26). A most interesting metaphor that he uses to convey this in the prologue is the image of himself as the reaper of left over ears of corn thereby salvaging the tales and legends of old by committing them to the written word. For wel I wot that folk han here-beforn  Of makyng ropen, and lad awey the corn;  And I come after, glenynge here and there,  And am ful glad if I may fynde an ere  Of any goodly word that they han left (LGW 61-65).  Chaucer saw himself as undertaking the labour of collecting, recording and translating these stories, at times even reconstituting them using his own discretion As of the lef again the flour to make (LGW 71-72). Chaucers labour of love was to remember these stories and in doing so form a bedrock upon which to establish English as a literary language his flowers will become the bread upon which English literature will be sustained. It is also interesting to note that Chaucer uses a specific flower as the metaphor for his works the daisy. This is a simple, humble, unpretentious flower perhaps a metaphor for the English vernacular: numerous but unadorned. Chaucer blatantly announced in the prologue, his ultimate objective in the compilation of these tales was, The naked text in English to declare (LGW 86). Using the English vernacular, over French and Latin, Chaucer wanted to establish the artistic integrity of the English language and he did this with fabulous success. Less than a century later, Thomas Hoccleve canonised Chaucer as a literary progenitor, as a quasi-religious icon, as a model of authoritative advice, and as the founder of a national poetic tradition (Perkins, 103), in the im mortal lines: My deere maistir, God his soule qwyte, And fadir, Chaucer, fayn wolde han me taght,  But I was dul and lerned lyte or naght. (Hoccleve, 2077-2079)  It is possible that Chaucer projected that his name would be draped with the mantle of a title so weighted with reverence and respect as the father and creator of a literary tradition and it is evident a certain anxiety about his role as the author is manifested in the prologue to Legend. It is unusual that a 14th century author would be concerned about his bearing over a text as this view to the writing and development of an authors work is commonly associated with the Modernist approach to literary theory which was first brought into vogue during the 20th century. In practical terms, Chaucer understood that in each text he wrote, there was a part of him in it it was subjective. Chaucer was the vital and central ingredient to the flower that he had reconstructed. In the prologue Chaucer thoroughly considered his credibility as an author and translator of these stories, contemplating the influences and modes of authorship, which had constructed and influenced his own style.

Nature vs. Nurture: Leaning Towards the Nurture Theory Essay -- Geneti

Is nature responsible for the way children think and behave, or is it due to the way a child is nurtured? Scientists and psychologists have been debating the subject of nature versus nurture for decades. The term â€Å"nature† refers to heredity, or the genetic traits passed down from parent to child (Powell, 2010). Researchers all over the world attempt to prove that genetics is the sole explanation of a child’s intelligence and personality. Human DNA determines traits such as eye color, nose shape, and hair color. While a child’s DNA can determine his or her risk of Down Syndrome, heart disease, or cancer; there is not significant proof of DNA determining personality traits (Heredity, 2011). The nurture side of the argument refers to a child’s upbringing. This includes where and how the child was raised and in what circumstances (Powell, 2010). A child’s environment can determine if he or she grows into a well behaved young person, or one with personality issues (Onkal, 2005). Nurture also refers to a child’s life experiences. These experiences shape and define the way a child thinks and acts (Onkal, 2005). Research has been conducted for both sides of the Nature vs. Nurture debate and, while no solid conclusion has come to the argument, research tends to favor the environment’s influence on personality. The first side of the nature versus nurture debate is the nature theory. The nature theory states that characteristics such as eye and hair colors, as well as personality and intelligence, are all determined by one’s genetic code (Powell, 2010). A person’s genetic code, or DNA, is determined by the DNA of both biological parents. This passing of traits from both parents to their offspring is called heredity. Each pare... ...arning Place Online. Learning Place Online. Web. 30 Sept. 2011. . Onkal, Rustem, Andrea Levine, Jack Payne, Nate Vernon, and Michael Blithe. "Neuroscience Of Intelligence." Macalester College: Private Liberal Arts College. Macalester College, Spring 2005. Web. 12 Sept. 2011. . Powell, Kimberly. "Nature vs Nurture - How Heredity and Environment Shape Who We Are." About Genealogy - Learn How to Research Your Family Tree. A New York Times Company, 19 July 2010. Web. 12 Sept. 2011. . Vargas, Julie S. "A Brief Biography of B.F. Skinner." B.F. Skinner Foundation. 2005. Web. 12 Sept. 2011. .

Cory aquino Essay

Marà ­a Corazà ³n Sumulong â€Å"Cory† Cojuangco Aquino was born on January 25, 1933, in Paniqui, Tarlac, Marà ­a Corazà ³n â€Å"Cory† Sumulong Cojuangco was the fourth child of Josà © Cojuangco, Sr. and Demetria Sumulong. Her siblings were Pedro, Josephine, Teresita, Jose, Jr. and Maria Paz. Both Aquino’s parents came from prominent clans. Her father was a prominent Tarlac businessman and politician, and her great-grandfather, Melecio Cojuangco, was a member of the historic Malolos Congress. Her mother, Demetria, belonged to the Sumulong family of Rizal who were politically influential; Juan Sumulong, a prominent member of the clan, ran against Commonwealth President Manuel L. Quezon in 1941. As a young girl, she spent her elementary days at St. Scholastica’s College in Manila, where she graduated on top of her class and batch as valedictorian. For high school, she transferred toAssumption Convent for her first year of high school. Afterwards, she went to the United States to finish her secondary education. There she continued her college education. She went to theCollege of Mount Saint Vincent in New York City, where she majored in Mathematics and French. During her stay in the United States, Aquino volunteered for the campaign of U.S. Republican presidential candidate Thomas Dewey against then Democrat U.S. President Harry S. Truman during the 1948 U.S. Presidential Election. After graduating from college, she returned to the Philippines to study law at the Far Eastern University (owned by the in-laws of her elder sister, Josephine Reyes) for one year. She married Sen.Benigno S. Aquino, Jr., son of the late Speaker Benigno S. Aquino, Sr. and a grandson of General Servillano Aquino. The couple had five children: Marà ­a Elena (born August 18, 1955), Aurora Corazà ³n (born December 27, 1957), Benigno Simeon III (born February 8, 1960), Victoria Elisa (born October 27, 1961) and Kristina Bernadette (born February 14, 1971). Corazà ³n Aquino had difficulty initially adjusting to provincial life when she and her husband moved to Concepcion, Tarlac in 1955. Aquino found herself bored in Concepcion, and welcomed the opportunity to have dinner with her husband inside the American military facility at nearby Clark Field. A member of the Liberal Party, Aquino’s husband Ninoy rose to become the youngest  governor in the country and eventually became the youngest senator ever elected in the Senate of the Philippines in 1967. During her husband’s political career, Aquino remained a housewife who helped raise their children and played hostess to her spouse’s political allies who would frequent their Quezon City home. She would decline to join her husband on stage during campaign rallies, preferring instead to stand at the back of the audience and listen to him. Unknown to many, she voluntarily sold some of her prized inheritance to fund the candidacy of her husband. She led a modest existence in a bungalow in suburban Quezon City. Ninoy Aquino soon emerged as a leading critic of the government of President Ferdinand Marcos. He was then touted as a strong candidate for president to succeed Marcos in the 1973 elections. However, Marcos, being barred by the Constitution to seek a third term, declared martial law on September 21, 1972, and later abolished the existing 1935 Constitution, thereby allowing him to remain in office. As a consequence, her husband was among those to be first arrested at the onset of martial law, later being sentenced to death. During his incarceration, Ninoy sought strength from prayer, attending daily mass and saying the rosary three times a day. As a measure of sacrifice and solidarity with her husband and all other political prisoners, she enjoined her children from attending parties and she also stopped going to the beauty salon or buying new clothes until a priest advised her and her children to instead live as normal lives as possible. In 1978, despite her initial opposition, Ninoy decided to run in the 1978 Batasang Pambansa elections. A reluctant speaker, Corazà ³n Aquino campaigned in behalf of her husband, and for the first time in her life delivered a political speech. In 1980, upon the intervention of U.S. President Jimmy Carter, Marcos allowed Senator Aquino and his family to leave for exile in the United States, where he sought medical treatment.[4] The family settled in Boston, and Aquino would later call the next three years as the happiest days of her marriage and family life. On August 21, 1983, however, Ninoy ended his stay in the United States and returned without his family to the Philippines, only to be assassinated on a staircase leading to the tarmac of the Manila International Airport, which was later renamed in his honor (see Assassination of Benigno Aquino, Jr.). Corazà ³n Aquino returned to the Philippines a few days later and led her husband’s funeral procession, in  which more than two million people joined the procession. Following her husband’s assassination in 1983, Aquino became active and visible in various demonstrations and protests held against the Marcos regime. She began to assume the mantle of leadership left by her husband Ninoy and started to become the symbolic figurehead of the anti-Marcos political opposition. In the last week of November 1985, Marcos surprised the nation by announcing on American television that he would hold a snap presidential election in February 1986, in order to dispel and remove doubts against his regime’s legitimacy and authority. Reluctant at first, Aquino was eventually prevailed upon to heed the people’s clamor, after one million signatures urging her to run for president were presented to her. Despite this, the erstwhile favorite opposite candidate, Laurel, did not immediately give way to his close friend’s widow. Laurel was only convinced to run as Aquino’s Vice President upon the urging of the influential Manila Cardinal Archbishop Jaime Sin. As a compromise, Aquino agreed to run under Laurel’s machinery, the United Nationalist Democratic Organization (UNIDO), then the country’s largest opposition party. With that, the Aquino-Laurel tandem was formally launched to challenge Marcos and finally put an end to his twenty-year martial rule. In the subsequent political developments and events, Marcos charged that Aquino was being supported by communists and agreed to share power with them once elected into power. A political novice, Aquino categorically denied Marcos’ charge and even stated that she would not appoint a single communist to her cabinet. Running on the offensive, the ailing Marcos also accused Aquino of playing â€Å"political football† with the United States with respect to the continued United States military presence in the Philippines at Clark Air Base and Subic Naval Base. Further, the male strongman derided Aquino’s womanhood, by saying that she was â€Å"just a woman† whose place was in the bedroom. In response to her opponent’s sexist remark, Aquino simply remarked that â€Å"may the better woman win in this election.† Marcos also attacked Aquino’s inexperience and warned the country that it would be a disaster if a woman like her with no previous political experience would be elected president; to which Aquino cleverly and sarcastically responded, admitting that she had â€Å"no experience in cheating, lying to the public, stealing government money, and killing political opponents.† The snap election called by Marcos which was held on February 7, 1986 was marred by massive electoral fraud, violence, intimidation, coercion and disenfranchisement of voters. Election Day proved to be bloody as one of Aquino’s staunchest allies Antique Governor Evelio Javier was brutally murdered, allegedly by one of Marcos’ supporters in his province. Further, during the counting and tallying of votes conducted by the Commission on Elections (COMELEC), 30 poll computer technicians walked out to dispute and contest the alleged election-rigging done in favor of Marcos. Despite this, the Batasang Pambansa, which was dominated by allies of the ruling party, declared President Marcos as the winner in the recently concluded snap presidential election on February 15, 1986. In protest to the declaration of the Philippine parliament, Aquino called for a rally dubbed â€Å"Tagumpay ng Bayan† (People’s Victory Rally) the following day, during which she claimed that she was the real winner in the snap election and urged Filipinos to boycott the products and services by companies controlled or owned by Marcos’ cronies. The rally held at the historic Rizal Park in Luneta, Manila drew a mammoth-sized crowd, which sent a strong signal that Filipinos were already growing tired of Marcos’ two decade-rule. Further, the dubious election results drew sharp reactions from both local quarters and foreign countries. The Catholic Bishops’ Conference of the Philippines issued a statement strongly criticizing the conduct of the election which was characterized by violence and fraud. The United States Senate condemned the election. Aquino rejected a power-sharing agreement proposed by the American diplomatPhilip Habib, who had been sent as an emissary by U.S. President Ronald Reagan to help defuse the tension. After weeks of tension following the disputed outcome of the snap election, disgruntled and reformist military officers, led by then Defense Minister Juan Ponce Enrile and General Fidel V. Ramos, surprised the entire nation and the whole world when they announced their defection from President Marcos and their strong belief that Aquino was the real winner in the presidential election on February 22, 1986. Upon the urging and encouragement of the activist Cardinal Archbishop of Manila Jaime Sin, millions of Filipinos trooped to Camp Aguinaldo along Epifanio De los Santos Avenue (EDSA), where Enrile and Ramos have been holding operations, to give their moral support and prayers for the reformist soldiers. At that time, Aquino was meditating in a Carmelite convent in Cebu. Upon learning of the defection, Aquino called on  Filipinos to rally behind Minister Enrile and General Ramos. Later on, Aquino flew back to Manila in order to prepare to assume the presidency upon the ouster of Marcos. Finally, to the amazement and admiration of the entire world, after twenty years of martial rule, Ferdinand Marcos was driven out from power and Corazà ³n Aquino was formally and peacefully sworn in as the new president of a freed and liberated Philippines on February 25, 1986, a historic event which is now known and remembered as the 1986 EDSA People Power Revolution. In Presidency, the triumph of the peaceful People Power Revolution and the ascension of Corazà ³n Aquino into power signaled the end of authoritarian rule in the Philippines and the dawning of a new era for Filipinos. The relatively peaceful manner by which Aquino came into power drew international acclaim and admiration not only for her but for the Filipino people, as well. During the first months of Aquino’s presidency, the country experienced radical changes and sweeping democratic reforms. One of Aquino’s first moves was the creation of the Presidential Commission on Good Government (PCGG), which was tasked to go after the Marcos ill-gotten wealth. Aquino, being a revolutionary president by virtue of people power, abolished the 1973 â€Å"Marcos Constitution† and dissolved the Marcos allies-dominated Batasang Pambansa, despite the advice of her vice-president and only prime minister Salvador Laurel. She also immediately created a Constitutional Commission, which she directed for the drafting of a new constitution for the nation. Immediately after assuming the presidency, President Aquino issued Proclamation No. 3, which established a revolutionary government. She abolished the 1973 Constitution that was in force during martial law, and instead promulgated the provisional 1986 Freedom Constitution, pending the ratification of a new Constitution by the people. This allowed her to exercise both executive and legislative powers until the ratification of the new Philippine Constitution and the establishment of a new Congress in 1987. Aquino promulgated two landmark legal codes, namely, the Family Code of 1987, which reformed the civil law on family relations, and the Administrative Code of 1987, which reorganized the structure of the executive branch of government. Another landmark law that was enacted during her tenure was the 1991 Local  Government Code, which devolved national government powers to local government units (LGUs). The new Code enhanced the power of LGUs to enact local taxation measures and assured them of a share in the national revenue. Aquino closed down the Marcos-dominated Batasang Pambansa to prevent the new Marcos loyalist opposition from undermining her democratic reforms and reorganized the membership of the Supreme Court to restore its independence. In May 1986, the reorganized Supreme Court declared the Aquino government as â€Å"not merely a de facto government but in fact and law a de jure government†, whose legitimacy had been affirmed by the community of nations. This Supreme Court decision affirmed the status of Aquino as the rightful leader of the Philippines. To fast-track the restoration of a full constitutional government and the writing of a new charter, she appointed 48 members of the 1986 Constitutional Commission (â€Å"Con-Com†), led by retired activist Supreme Court Associate Justice Cecilia Muà ±oz-Palma. The Con-Com completed its final draft in October 1986. On February 2, 1987, the new Constitution of the Philippines, which put strong emphasis on civil liberties, human rights and social justice, was overwhelmingly approved by the Filipino people. As soon as she assumed the presidency of the Philippines, Aquino moved quickly to tackle the issue of the US$26 billion foreign debt incurred by her predecessor, which has badly tarnished the international credit standing and economic reputation of the country. After weighing all possible options such as choosing not to pay, Aquino eventually chose to honor all the debts that were previously incurred in order to clear the country’s image. Her decision proved to be unpopular but Aquino defended that it was the most practical move. It was crucial for the country at that time to regain the investors’ confidence in the Philippine economy. Since 1986, the Aquino administration has paid off $4 billion of the country’s outstanding debts to regain good international credit ratings and attract the attention of future markets. Nevertheless, the administration borrowed an additional $9 billion, increasing the national debt by $5 billion within six years time since the ouster of former President Ferdinand Marcos in 1986. Further, recognizing how crony capitalism zapped out the economy due to collusion between government and big business and adhering to the Catholic social principle of subsidiarity, President Aquino set out on a course of market liberalization agenda while at the same time emphasizing solidarity, people  empowerment and civic engagement to help alleviate poverty in the country. The Aquino administration also sought to bring back fiscal discipline in order as it aimed to trim down the government’s budget deficit that ballooned during Marcos’ term through privatization of bad government assets and deregulation of many vital industries. As president, Aquino sought out to dismantle the cartels, monopolies and oligopolies of important industries that were set up by Marcos cronies during the dark days of Martial Law, particularly in the sugar and coconut industries. By discarding these monopolies and allowing market-led prices and competition, small farmers and producers were given a fair chance to sell their produce and products at a more reasonable, competitive and profitable price. This, in a way, also helped a lot in improving the lot of farmers who are in dire need of increasing their personal income and earnings. It was also during Aquino’s time that vital economic laws such as the Built-Operate-Transfer Law, Foreign Investments Act and the Consumer Protection and Welfare Act were enacted. The economy posted a positive growth of 3.4% during her first year in office. But in the aftermath of the 1989 coup attempt by the rightist Reform the Armed Forces Movement, the Philippine economy remained stagnant. In her final year in office, inflation was raging at 17%, and unemployment was slightly over 10%, higher than the Marcos years. Overall, the economy under Aquino had an average growth of 3.8% from 1986 to 1992. Soon after taking office, Aquino declared that the presence of US military forces in the Philippines was an affront to national sovereignty. She ordered the United States military to vacate U.S. Naval Base Subic Bay and Clark Air Base. The US objected, pointing that they had leased the property and the leases were still in effect. Also, thousands of Filipinos worked at these military facilities and they would lose their jobs and the Filipino economy would suffer if the US Military moved out. The US stated that the facilities at Subic Bay were unequaled anywhere in Southeast Asia and a US pull out could make all of that region of the world vulnerable to an incursion by the Soviet Union or by a resurgent Japan. She refused to back down and insisted that the USA get out. The matter was still being debated when Mount Pinatubo erupted in June 1991, covering the entire area with volcanic ash. The destruction to the bases was so severe that the US decided that it would best to pull out after all, so the bases were closed and the United States  departed. President Aquino envisioned agrarian and land reform as the centerpiece of her administration’s social legislative agenda. However, her family background and social class as a privileged daughter of a wealthy and landed clan became a lightning rod of criticisms against her land reform agenda. On February 22, 1987, three weeks after the resounding ratification of the 1987 Constitution, agrarian workers and farmers marched to the historic Mendiola Street near the Malacaà ±an Palace to demand genuine land reform from Aquino’s administration. However, the march turned violent when Marine forces fired at farmers who tried to go beyond the designated demarcation line set by the police. As a result, 12 farmers were killed and 19 were injured in this incident now known as the Mendiola Massacre. This incident led some prominent members of the Aquino Cabinet to resign their government posts. In response to calls for agrarian reform, President Aquino issued Presidential Proclamation 131 and Executive Order 229 on July 22, 1987, which outlined her land reform program, which included sugar lands. In 1988, with the backing of Aquino, the new Congress of the Philippines passed Republic Act No. 6657, more popularly known as the Comprehensive Agrarian Reform Law.† The law paved the way for the redistribution of agricultural lands to tenant-farmers from landowners, who were paid in exchange by the government through just compensation but were also allowed to retain not more than five hectares of land. However, corporate landowners were also allowed under the law to â€Å"voluntarily divest a proportion of their capital stock, equity or participation in favor of their workers or other qualified beneficiaries†, in lieu of turning over their land to the government for redistribution. Despite the flaws in the law, the Supreme Court upheld its constitutionality in 1989, declaring that the implementation of the comprehensive agrarian reform program provided by the said law, was â€Å"a revolutionary kind of expropriation.† Despite the implementation of CARP, Aquino was not spared from the controversies that eventually centered on Hacienda Luisita, a 6,453-hectare estate located in the Province of Tarlac, which she, together with her siblings inherited from her father Jose Cojuangco (Don Pepe) Critics argued that Aquino bowed to pressure from relatives by allowing stock redistribution under Executive Order 229. Canadian International Prize for Freedom, International Democracy Award from the International Association of Political Consultants on 1986. Prize For Freedom Award from Liberal International on 1987. In 1993 she achieved the Special Peace Award from the Aurora Aragon Quezon Peace Awards Foundation and Concerned Women of the Philippines. She also achieved Path to Peace Award on 1995. J. Willia Fullbright Prize for International Understanding from the U.S Department of State. Also Ramon Magsaysay Award for International Understanding and Pearl S. Buck on 1998. In 1999, she achieved One of Time Magazine’s 20 Most Influential Asians of the 20th Century. World Citizenship Award on 2001. In 2005, she also achieved the David Rockefeller Bridging Leadership Awards and One of the World’s Elite Women Who Make a Difference by the International Women’s Forum Hall of Fame. One of Time Magazine’s 65 Asian Heroes on 2006. One of Different View’s 15 Champions of World Democracy on 2008. Aquino also achieved the EWC Asia Pacific Community Building Award, Women’s International Center International Leadership Living Legacy Award, Martin Luther King, Jr. Nonviolent Peace Prize, and United Nations Development Fund for Women Noel Foundation Life Award.

Why Renting a Flat in Germany Is Totally Common

Although Germany has got the most successful economy in Europe and is basically a wealthy country, it has also got one of the lowest homeownership rates on the continent and is also way behind the US. But why do Germans rent flats instead of buying them or even build or buy a house? Buying their own accommodation is the goal of many people and especially families all around the world. For Germans, it might seem that there are things way more important than being a homeowner. Not even 50 percent of the Germans are homeowners, whereas over 80 percent of the Spanish are, only the Swiss are even renting more than their northern neighbors. Lets try to track the reasons for this German attitude. Influence of World War II Like many things in Germany, the tracking of the attitude to rent reaches back to the Second World War. As the war ended and Germany signed the unconditional surrender, the whole country was rubble. Almost every bigger city was destroyed by the British and American Air Raids and even the smaller village had suffered from the war. Cities like Hamburg, Berlin or Cologne where nothing but a big pile of ashes. Many civilians became homeless because their houses were bombed or collapsed after the fights in their cities, over 20 percent of all housing in Germany was destroyed. That was why it was one of the first priorities of the new built West-German government in 1949 to prove every German a safe place to stay and live. Therefore, big housing programs were started to rebuild the country. Because the economy was also laying on the ground, there was no other opportunity than having the government put in charge of new housings. For the newborn Bundesrepublik, it was also very important to give the people a new home to face the opportunities communism promised just on the other side of the country in the Soviet zone. But there was, of course, another opportunity coming with a public housing program: Those Germans who hadnt been killed or captured during the war were mostly unemployed. Building new flats for over two million families could create jobs that were urgently needed. All this lead to success, the lack of housings could be reduced during the first years of new Germany. Renting Can Just Be a Good Deal in Germany This leads to the fact that Germans today just as their parents and grandparents have reasonable experiences with renting a flat, not only from a public housing company. In the major cities of Germany like Berlin or Hamburg, most of the flats available are in public hand or at least managed by a public housing company. But besides the big cities, Germany has also given the private investors the opportunity to own properties and rent them out. There are many restrictions and laws for the landlords and tenants they have to follow which proves that their flats are in a good condition. In other countries, rental flats have the stigma of being run down and mainly for poor people who cant afford to own an accommodation. In Germany, there are none of those stigmas. Renting seems just as good as buying - both with advantages and disadvantages. The Laws and Regulations Made for Renters Talking about the laws and regulations, Germany has got some specials that make a difference. For instance, there is the so-called Mietpreisbremse, which passed the Parliament. In areas with a strained housing market the landlord is only permitted to increase the rent up to ten percent above the local average. There are a lot of other laws and regulations which lead to the fact that the rents in Germany - compared to those of other developed countries - are affordable. On the other side, German banks have high preconditions for getting a mortgage or a loan to buy or build a house. You just wont get one if you dont have the right sureties. For long term, renting a flat in a city can therefore be a better opportunity. But there are of course some negative sides of this development. Like in most other western countries, the so called gentrification can also be found in Germanys major cities. The good balance of public housing and private investment seemed to tip over more and more. Private investors buy old houses in the cities, renovate them and sell or rent them out for high prices only wealthy persons can afford. This leads to the fact that normal people can no longer afford living inside the big cities and especially young people and students are stressed to find a proper and affordable housing. But thats another story because they couldnt afford buying a house either.